But this important principle that the news media are not entitled to special privileges has also emerged in many other contexts. When the Supreme Court in Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia (1980) ruled that the First Amendment protected access to participation in criminal proceedings, it was the right of the press and the public on which judges commented. The Court stated that giving the news media access to information and events can serve as a substitute for access by the general public, but that this right belongs to the public, and not exclusively to the news media. John Stuart Mill, in his 1869 book On Liberty, addressed the problem of authority against freedom from the perspective of a 19th century utilitarian: the individual has the right to express himself as long as he does not harm other individuals. Good company is one in which most people enjoy the greatest possible happiness. Mill applies these general principles of freedom to freedom of speech, stating that if we silence an opinion, we can silence the truth. Individual freedom of expression is therefore essential to the well-being of society. Mill wrote: Article 19 of the Pakistani Constitution states: “Every citizen has the right to freedom of speech and expression, and there is freedom of the press, subject to reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of the glory of Islam or the integrity, security or defence of Pakistan or any part thereof. friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or with regard to contempt of court, commission or incitement to commit a criminal offence. [37] Ironically, press freedom flourished in Pakistan for the first time under musharraf`s regime, a military dictatorship. [38] The media enjoy to a large extent freedom of expression, despite political pressure and direct bans, sometimes administered by political actors. Political pressure on the media is usually indirect.
A tool widely used by the government is to cut off “hostile” media from state advertising. With draconian laws, the government has also banned or officially silenced popular TV channels. Pakistan`s Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) has been used to silence broadcast media by suspending licenses or simply threatening to do so. In addition, the media are also threatened by non-state actors involved in the current conflict. The journalist`s security situation has improved and the number of journalists killed in Pakistan has also decreased significantly. However, press freedom in Pakistan and India continues to decline. For much of the nation`s history, the free press clause has seen relatively little action. Ratified in 1791, the Thisa Clause and the Freedom of Expression Clause served only to protect rights from interference by the federal government, not the state.
It lasted until 1925 (Gitlow v. N.Y.) for the freedom of expression clause and 1931 (Near v. Minnesota) for the press clause that the Supreme Court also applied these safeguards to limit the power of state governments. “The press should serve the governed, not the governors.” The Indian Constitution does not mention the word “press”, but provides for “the right to freedom of speech and expression” (Article 19(1)(a)). However, this right is subject to restrictions under the sub-paragraph, under which this freedom may be restricted on grounds of “sovereignty and integrity of India, security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, preservation of decency, preservation of morality, contempt, court, defamation or incitement to commit a crime”. Laws such as the Official Secrets Act and the Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act[42] (PoTA) have been used to restrict press freedom. According to poTA, a person can be detained for up to six months because they are in contact with a terrorist or terrorist group. The PoTA was repealed in 2006, but the Official Secrets Act of 1923 is maintained. Reporters Without Borders` press freedom index ranks Germany 11th out of 180 countries in 2020. There is a diversity of opinion and a pluralism of information.
The press is not controlled by governments or parties, as private media companies are responsible for it. In Berlin Berlin Once a year, during the Berlinale, the world of the screen turns its attention to Berlin. And the inhabitants of the city are used to global interests. After all, Berliners have lived in a capital city since 1458. However, there is also a shady side to the city`s history. Read more › It alone, which is among the top ten media cities in the world, has 900 accredited parliamentary correspondents and 440 foreign correspondents from 60 different countries on the ground. In Britain`s American colonies, early editors discovered that their readers appreciated when they criticized the local governor; The governors discovered that they could close the newspapers.